【科学】如何拥抱？

How to hug, according to science

根据科学，如何拥抱

Love them or hate them, hugs are part of Western culture. They don’t just confer 授予；协商；商讨；交换意见 emotional closeness, they’ve been shown to improve our mental and physical health. But hugging is not as straightforward as it may seem. Where do your arms go? How long is too long? Never fear, science has your … back.

不管你喜不喜欢，拥抱都是西方文化的一部分。它们不仅能增进情感上的亲密，还能改善我们的身心健康。但是拥抱并不像看起来那么简单。你的手臂放在哪里?多长时间太长?别害怕，科学会支持你的。

In a two-part study, researchers set out to discover what makes one hug better than another. In the first arm of the experiment, the team recruited 45 female college students and blindfolded them, one at a time. A female researcher then entered the room and hugged the participant for either 1, 5, or 10 seconds.

在一项由两部分组成的研究中，研究人员开始探究是什么让一个拥抱比另一个拥抱更好。在实验的第一阶段，研究团队招募了45名女大学生，并将她们的眼睛蒙上，一次一个。然后，一名女性研究员进入房间，拥抱参与者1秒、5秒或10秒。

Each hug was performed in one of two ways. In the first, “crisscross” style, each hugger puts one arm over their partner’s shoulder and the other arm under their partner’s arm. In the second, called “neck-waist” style, the researcher put both arms under the participants’. In total, each participant received six hugs.

每个拥抱都有两种方式。在第一种“交叉”拥抱方式中，每个拥抱者都把一只胳膊放在对方的肩膀上，另一只胳膊放在对方的胳膊下。第二种被称为“颈腰式”，研究人员把两只手臂放在参与者的手臂下面。每个参与者总共得到6个拥抱。

(Although a laboratory setting may not seem like the best way to study an intimate cultural tradition, the idea was to compare duration and hug style in the most controlled way possible. Ideally, the study would have included men and women on both ends of the hug, but Anna Düren, a psychologist at Goldsmiths, University of London and the study’s first author, says the COVID-19 pandemic began before she and her colleagues could collect those data in follow-up studies.)

(虽然实验室环境似乎不是研究亲密文化传统的最佳方式，但这个想法是在尽可能可控的方式下比较拥抱的持续时间和拥抱方式。理想情况下，这项研究应该包括拥抱的两端的男性和女性，但伦敦大学金史史密斯学院的心理学家、该研究的第一作者安娜Düren表示，在她和她的同事在后续研究中收集这些数据之前，COVID-19大流行就已经开始了。)

The volunteers consistently rated hugs lasting less than 1 second as the least pleasurable. On a pleasure scale of one to 100, the 1-second hugs averaged in the low 50s; the 5- and 10-second hugs scored in the high 60s, with no significant difference between the two longer durations. For all of the durations, hug style made little to no difference, the team reports this month in Acta Psychologica.

志愿者们一致认为持续时间少于1秒的拥抱是最不愉快的。在从1到100的愉悦度范围内，1秒钟的拥抱平均在50秒左右;5秒和10秒的拥抱得分在60分左右，两组较长的拥抱时间之间没有显著差异。研究小组在本月的《心理学报》上报告说，在所有的持续时间里，拥抱方式几乎没有影响。

If 10 seconds sounds like an uncomfortably long time to hug a stranger, you’re not alone. Düren says her team was surprised by the finding. She thinks that over time, the participants may have gotten used to receiving hugs from a stranger while blindfolded. As they acclimated, perhaps some of the weirdness wore off.

如果10秒听起来像是拥抱陌生人的一段不舒服的时间，你并不孤单。Düren表示，她的团队对这一发现感到惊讶。她认为，随着时间的推移，参与者可能已经习惯了蒙住眼睛接受陌生人的拥抱。随着他们的适应，也许有些古怪的感觉也逐渐消失了。

What happens after 10 seconds? Does the hug become even more pleasurable? Or does it get weird? “Something that I would’ve liked to see in the study is the condition where you really extend the hug even more,” says Julian Packheiser, a biopsychologist at Ruhr-University Bochum, who was not involved with the work but studies the effects of hugs on the body and brain.

10秒后会发生什么?拥抱变得更加愉快了吗?还是会变得很奇怪?“我就喜欢看在你真正的研究条件扩展拥抱更多,”朱利安Packheiser说,通过在波鸿-鲁尔大学,他并没有参与这项工作,但研究拥抱的身体和大脑的影响。

Another factor the study didn’t address is pressure. How hard or soft should you squeeze? Packheiser suspects the intimacy of the huggers’ relationship plays a role. “If it’s a romantic thing, [pressure] can be much more than if it’s a casual thing,” he says.

该研究没有提到的另一个因素是压力。你应该捏多硬或多软?Packheiser怀疑拥抱者之间的亲密关系起了作用。“如果这是一件浪漫的事情，(压力)可能比一件随意的事情要大得多，”他说。

The second phase of the experiment took place in the real world. The researchers recruited 100 pairs of students observed socializing on campus to hug in public. The team gathered data on gender, height, and how emotionally close the pairs rated themselves.

实验的第二阶段发生在现实世界中。研究人员招募了100对在校园里进行社交活动的学生，让他们在公共场合拥抱。研究小组收集了性别、身高、情感亲密程度等数据。

Without prompting the students on how to hug, the researchers found the crisscross style was more common, accounting for 66 out of 100 hugs. The preference for crisscross was especially prevalent in pairs of men, with 82% of 28 observed pairs opting for the style. Neither emotional closeness nor height had significant effects on the style of hugging; however, the researchers note that most participants were relatively close in height, and they guess that neck-waist might be more common when heights differ more drastically 激烈地 彻底地；大幅度地；大大地.

在没有提示学生如何拥抱的情况下，研究人员发现交叉拥抱更常见，100个拥抱中有66个是交叉拥抱。这种风格在男性情侣中尤为普遍，28对情侣中有82%的人选择了这种风格。情感上的亲密程度和身高对拥抱的方式都没有显著影响;然而，研究人员注意到，大多数参与者的身高相对较近，他们猜测，当身高差异较大时，颈腰可能更常见。